مجله پژوهش های کاربردی روانشناختی
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1400)

The current research aims to determine the effectiveness of mindful parenting training on over reactivity and quality of parent-child relationship of pre-school children mothers. The statistical population included all of the mothers of children pre-schoolers who are studying at schools in 2 area of education in in a school in Ahvaz (2019). The method of the study is a quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and follow-up with a control group.. The sample size was 50 mothers of children pre-schoolers and they were randomly assigned to two groups of 25 (experimental and control group.The Pianta Parent-child relationship Scale (1994) and the Arnold Parenting Scale (1993) were used to collect data. Educational intervention was presented in eight (each 90 min) sessions to the experimental group, but the control group received no intervention. Two months later, the follow-up test was performed. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics including covariance analysis. The findings showed that mindful parenting training was effective on reducing overreactivity and improvement quality of parent-child relationship on mothers of pre-schoolers children. Thas, mindful parenting training appears to be useful for pre-school children mothers.

The purpose of the present study is to compare the effects of three intervention methods, including skills training, feedback, and hypocrisy induction, on household attitudes, intentions, and behaviors. The present study used a quasi-experimental design with three experimental groups and one control group, a pretest, a posttest, and an 8-week follow-up. The statistical population consists of the electricity subscribers of Golsar suburb in Rasht. The sample of the study consists of the households of 46 units of a housing complex in this zone, which were divided into four groups of 12 units each. The experimental groups were assigned educational brochures for the education intervention, weekly consumption reports for the feedback intervention, and promotional announcements and a virtual group for the hypocrisy intervention. Attitude and intention to conserve were measured initially at pretest and six weeks after the start of the interventions at posttest using the researcher-developed Attitude and Intention to conserve scales. The extent of conservation behavior was measured by reading electricity meters at the pretest and posttest, and eight weeks after the intervention at the follow-up stage. Changes in attitudes and intentions were assessed by multivariate analyzes of covariance and post hoc tests, and changes in behavior were assessed by repeated measures analyzes of variance. Results showed that education could only change people’s attitudes toward environmental protection. Instead, inducing hypocrisy was effective in arousing intention to protect the environment, as was feedback in activating environmental protection behavior.

The attempt to reduce clinical problems in children with autism through parenting has been taken up by researchers in recent years. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a positive parenting program on the relationship between mothers and children with autism spectrum disorder. The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population includes all mothers of children aged 7 to 12 years with autism spectrum disorder in Isfahan, from which 30 individuals were randomly selected and divided into two groups of experimental and control groups each with 15 individuals. The experimental group attended 8 sessions of the positive education program (one session per week and 90 minutes per session), while no training was provided for the control group. The instrument used in this study was the Pianta Parent-Child Relationship Scale (CPRS). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance with SPSS software (version 26). The results showed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores (p <0.05). It can be concluded that positive parenting program improves the relationship between mother and child with autism spectrum disorder, and can be used to reduce the negative behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorders.

The purpose of this study was to find a causal explanation of dimensions of academic dishonesty in a group of undergraduate students at Shiraz University. The research method was applied due to the purpose and descriptive correlation due to the method of data collection. The statistical population of the study is all students of Shiraz University in the academic year 2018-2019, out of which 202 subjects (120 girls and 82 boys) were selected through multistage random sampling. The measurement instruments included Conscientiousness Subscale of Big Five Factor Personality Inventory (CS-BFPI), Academic Responsibility Scale (ARS) and Academic Dishonesty Scale (ADS). The validity and reliability of the research scales were also tested by confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. SPSS version 24 and AMOS version 24 software were used to analyze the descriptive data and correlation matrix between variables and to test the hypotheses and research model. The results showed that the research model fit well with the data collected. Findings showed that conscientiousness predicted the dimensions of academic dishonesty indirectly (through academic responsibility). In addition, maximum variance was explained by cheating on the exam and minimum variance was explained by falsification in the model. Overall, the results of the present study highlight the role of academic responsibility along with the personality traits of conscientiousness in explaining the dimensions of academic dishonesty and especially the dimension of cheating in examination.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on emotion regulation and stress tolerance among firefighters in Isfahan. The research was conducted as a quasi-experimental study with a control group and random assignments, using a pretest and a posttest. Thirty firefighters were selected from six stations of all fire stations and then randomly assigned into two experimental and control groups. They replied to instruments such as the emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) and the Distress Tolerance Questionnaire (DTS) before and after the intervention. The experimental group received mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in 8 sessions, each lasting 90 minutes, while the control group was on the waiting list. Data were analyzed using analyses of covariance with SPSS-24 software. The result showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy had an effect on psychological symptoms such as emotion regulation and distress tolerance in the posttest period (p < 0.05). According to the result of the present study, we can use mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to promote emotion regulation and increase distress tolerance in firefighters.

Over the past decade, cognitive diagnostics has been favored by educational researchers as an approach to assessing student achievement, but the use of DCMs has been criticized. Due to the tendency of Iranian researchers towards this type of assessment, this study was conducted with the aim of critically reviewing Iranian research in this field in order to analyze its methodology. For this purpose, the main relevant Iranian databases including SID, Google Scholar, Scopus, Noormags, Magiran, and Elmnet were searched, and 32 studies were considered. Considering the criteria for inclusion and exclusion of studies, 20 studies in this field that were conducted between 2015 and 2020 were selected. In the next step, the selected studies were critically reviewed independently by the researchers using the indicators recommended by Sessoms & Henson (2018). The indicators included the thematic focus of the research, the number of competencies, the constructs measured, the structure of the test items, the Q matrix, the statistical model type, the model fit, the item fit, the question type, the sample size, the evidence of reliability and validity, the description of the competencies (latent categories, the correlation between competencies, the competency profile), and the application of the results.The results showed that a large number of the research conducted did not provide empirical support for general assumptions such as correlation between attributes, did not provide sufficient evidence for reliability and validity, did not report on the competency profile, and did not provide feedback to stakeholders. We provide some guidelines to improve the quality of such models.

This study aims to investigate the effect of increasing body mass index (BMI) on cognitive functions such as reaction time, sustained attention, and visuospatial working memory in children and adolescents. The research method is causal-comparative, and is a basic study in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the present study consists of all high school students (12–15 years old) in Tehran in 2019, among which 75 students (36 girls and 39 boys) were selected by convenience sampling method and classified into three groups of obese, overweight and normal weight based on BMI. All participants completed the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) to assess cognitive performance and BMI was also measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 26). The results of multivariate analysis of variance showed that obese students performed worse on the tests of reaction time and visuospatial working memory than the normal and overweight groups, and their difference is significant (p 0.01). Accordingly, one can say that increasing fat and BMI levels lead to a decrease in some cognitive functions and this may delay or decrease the development of students’ academic and social skills.

The purpose of this study is to examine the phenomenology of the inclination of students with unrelated disciplines to study psychology and counseling. The research method is qualitative and phenomenological, and the study is in-depth. Using a phenomenological qualitative research method, 20 individuals (17 females and 3 males) were selected among those who have studied in other fields of counseling or psychology at the undergraduate level and at the master’s or PhD level, one of the two in 2020. They were selected according to the principle of saturation and by repeating the responses through a purposive sampling method, and answered a semi-structured interview. The research findings were categorized separately and the participants were presented individually for each question. The Colaizzi’s seven steps of phenomenological analysis was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that the participants did not change their field of study due to various reasons, including internal factors such as lack of interest or external factors such as impracticality. According to the participant, one of the effective factors in changing the subject may be the social status compared to the previous subject in the society. It seems it is neccessery to consult an informed advisor to identify real interests and skills, which avoids wasting capital, time, and human and social energy.

The purpose of the present study is to compare review of annoying memories, negative automatic thoughts, and emotional balance in female university students with and without premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). The method of this study is purposive and comparative-causal. The statistical population consists of 360 female students studying in the academic year 2019-2020 at Ardabil Farhangian University. From this statistical population, 60 female students were selected as the research sample. From the undergraduate students of Ardabil Farhangian University, 30 students with PMDD symptoms and 30 students without PMDD symptoms were selected by simple random sampling. Intervention Response Questionnaire (IRQ), Automatic Thought Questionnaire (ATQ) and Emotional Balance Scape (ABS) were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and SPSS 25 software. The results of this study showed that the mean scores of negative interpretation (F = 42.283), subjective rumination (F = 57.397), displacement (F = 6.743), grief (F = 84.09), negative automatic thoughts (F = 20.911), and negative affective balance (F = 11/692) were higher in PMDD patients than in normal people, and that positive affective balance (F = 7.057) was lower than in normal people (p < 0.001). Thus, it is concluded that there is a difference between people with PMDD in disturbing memories, automatic thoughts, and emotional balance and people without PMDD. These results can be used to treat and alleviate the severity of symptoms in these patients.

The present study investigates the effectiveness of sensory integration exercises on balance and orientation of students with visual impairment. This study is a semi-open study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population includes all blind students in special schools in Abadan and Khorramshahr in the academic year 2019–2020. Among the special schools, 30 students with visual impairment were selected through an available sample and randomly divided into an experimental group (n =15, 7 girls and 8 boys) and a control group (n =15). Measurement and data collection methods include Lincoln-Ozertsky motor growth test (OMDT), basketball and dribble throw test (BDTT), and Ayers sensory integration exercises (AESI). After determining validity and addressing weaknesses, the test was administered to the experimental groups. The experimental group then performed exercises for 12 sessions of 90 minutes each. SPSS 21 software, Kolmogorov-Smirnov -test, Leven’s test and analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data. The results showed that sensory integration exercises had a positive significant effect on the balance and orientation of students with visual impairment at the level (P <0/01). Sensory-motor integration exercises in this study can improve the orientation and balance of students with visual impairment.

The main aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of unified transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders and emotion efficacy therapy on emotion regulation in adults with stuttering and anxiety disorder. The research method is applied purposively and the research design is a quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design and control group with a follow-up period. The statistical population include all stuttering adults who visited speech therapy clinics in Tehran and the Iranian Stuttering Association in 2018–2019. 36 individuals (27 males and 9 females) who stutter were selected using an available sample and based on inclusion criteria such as a structured clinical interview. They were then randomly assigned to the experimental groups and the control group. For the treatment groups, each intervention was based on two-hour sessions, and for the control group, no intervention was conducted. The tools used in the present study included the Gratz and Roemer’sDifficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). According to the nature of the study and measurement in three stages, repeated measures analysis was used to analyze the data using SPSS 18. From the remarkable results, we can mention the effectiveness of EFT on reducing all six components of emotion regulation difficulties (P <0.01) and the effectiveness of UP on reducing the four components of emotion regulation difficulties (P <0.01). In general, stuttering therapists can use these two methods for better emotion regulation.

This study aims to examine the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between perceived social support and the impact of a forced home quarantine event for patients with Covid-19. This study is basic, descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational. The statistical population consists of men and women aged 18 and over with Covid-19 who were undergoing home quarantine nationwide. From these individuals, 240 samples were selected for a structural model using the purposive nonprobability method. The time of implementation of the study was January 2021, coinciding with the third wave of the disease in Iran. The instruments were the Short Form of Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-SF), the Revised Event Impact Scale (IES-R), and the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS). To collect information, questionnaires were created online and sent to participants through cyberspace. Data was analyzed using Pearson moment correlation coefficient and structural equation modelling technique with SPSS version 22 and AMOS software, and to test the significance of indirect paths, bootstrap analysis was used according to Macro Preacher and Hayes (2008). The results showed the significance of the mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between perceived social support and the impact of the home quarantine event on patients (p < 0.01). The results indicated that self-compassion could mediate the corresponding effect of social support to reduce the impact of home quarantine. Therefore, health professionals should prescribe self-compassion guidelines for psychological self-care to all people, especially the ill, during the Covid-19 pandemic.

The purpose of this study is to develop a flourishing class model and evaluate its effectiveness on the satisfaction of psychological needs in female adolescents. This is a mixed-method developmental research study that involves data collection in two phases. The first phase was grounded theory, in which the components of the flourishing class were identified through interviews with 15 experts. These individuals were selected using the purposive sampling method. The criteria for selecting a sample of positive psychologists included their activities in the field of positive psychology and flourishing in children and adolescents. Data were analyzed using theoretical coding. Based on the opinions obtained from the experts, creating a flourishing class includes six dimensions: Creating open spaces, acceptance, strengthening group bonding and members’ shared social identity, teaching communication and participation skills, training emotion management skills, supporting student autonomy, and developing students’ skills and internal resources. Based on these six axes, a 14-session training package was designed to create a flourishing class for teachers. The second phase of the research was conducted using a quasi-experimental method. The statistical population of this research phase was the secondary schools for girls in Tehran and two schools were selected according to the available methods. All teachers and students of the tenth and eleventh grades of the school in the experimental group participated in fourteen teaching sessions and the dependent variable of the present study was conducted on all students of these two grades (138 students). The data collection instruments included the Basic Psychological Needs Scale (ASPBPNS). The data collected were analyzed using MANCOVA. Results indicated that the implementation of components of flourishing instruction resulted in increased satisfaction of needs for independence, communication, and perception of competence in female adolescents. .

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that influence divorce and to provide a model for divorce prediction. The method of this study is basic in terms of its purpose and descriptive in terms of the method of data collection. The study population consists of couples who were assigned counseling services by the family court in Tabriz during the period from 2015 to 2018. Yet,399 individuals were selected using the available sampling method and compared with unmarried couples (427) selected among the parents of high school students in Tabriz. NEO questionnaire (NEO -FFI-R) and researcher-made questionnaires were used to collect data. Decision tree technique, one of the most important data mining techniques, as well as SPSS MODELER were used to analyze the data in order to model the factors affecting divorce. The results of the study indicated that in addition to the high influence of satisfaction level with sexuality, lower education level, previous marital history and experience of betrayal of one of the couples in the studied families were highly effective in divorce. In contrast, higher education, income dependency (lower income level for females), and high and very high income families (production order above 4) were the most important reasons for couples’ satisfaction and compromise in the families under study.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of teaching philosophy to children on the psychological flexibility of male elementary school students in Marivan. This paper is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group conducted with the aim of applying the results. The statistical population included all elementary school students in the city of Marivan during the 2017-2018 academic year. Using the available sampling method, 50 male students were selected and divided into two experimental and control groups. The participants answered the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) before and after the training. 17 45-minute sessions (one session per week) Philosophy for Children (p4c) were presented using native language stories. The educational package included stories selected from the narratives of Iranian authors such as Rumi, Saadi, etc. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software and analysis of covariance. The results of covariance analysis showed that Philosophy for Children program was effective in influencing students’ psychological flexibility. Overall, according to the results, it can be said that Philosophy for Children education enhances students’ psychological flexibility by strengthening discussion and challenging students’ thinking.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on Internet addiction and interpersonal difficulties among high school students in Tehran. The method of the present study is quasi-experimental with pretest and posttest and a control group with one-month follow-up. The participants of the study were 40 male students (20 in experimental group and 20 in control group) of secondary school in academic year 2019-2020, who were selected by random sampling method. The research instruments were Young’s Internet Addiction Questionnaire (IAT) and Engels, Hidalgo and Mendens’s Questionnaire about Interpersonal Difficulties for Adolescents (QIDA). After administering the questionnaires to the students, the subjects who scored the cut score of Young’s Internet Addiction Questionnaire were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups. The experimental group received eight two-hour group sessions of therapeutic intervention. After the therapy sessions, a posttest was administered to both groups and a follow-up test was administered after one month. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 26 software and analysis of variance with repeated measures. The results of the data analysis showed that the scores for Internet addiction and interpersonal difficulties decreased significantly in the experimental group at the posttest. These results were verified in a one-month posttest. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) can decrease the components of Internet addiction and interpersonal difficulties. This treatment can be considered as an effective intervention method to achieve satisfactory interpersonal relationships.

The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a stress management training on risky behaviors of female students. In view of the objective and data collection, the present research method is applied in terms of purpose and is a quasi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test and follow-up design in terms of data collection. The statistical population consists of 380 students of secondary school in Shahriar, Andisheh region, in the academic year 2019–2020, out of which 30 were selected and classified into experimental and control groups by homogenizing the academic grade point average. For the pre-test, the students answered the Iranian Adolescent’s Risk-Taking Scale (IARTS) and after 10 sessions of stress management training for the experimental group, they answered the above instruments for the post-test. Data was analyzed using SPSS-24 software, and the repeated measures analysis of variance method was used to analyze the data. The results of the present study showed that the interactive effect of time × group on the components of propensity to smoke and propensity to violence, propensity to sexual relations and behavior and relationship with the opposite sex were significant. Studying the context in which risky behaviors occur seems to help prevent problematic behaviors in students. Based on the results of the present study, it is recommended to raise awareness among families by encouraging parents to attend courses on parental stress management.

The purpose of the present study is to examine the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity and pain-related fear in the relationship between pain catastrophizing and emotional eating in people with chronic pain. The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population includes patients with chronic pain who were treated in Tehran clinics in districts 4 and 8 in the spring, summer, and fall of 2019. 300 of them were selected by purposive sampling. Body mass index calculation and questionnaires Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), Pain Anxiety Symptoms (PAS) and Pain Catastrophizing Scales (PCS) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in Amos 21 software. Results confirmed the mediating role of anxiety sensitivity (P = 0.05, t = 1.954, β = 0.137) and anxiety related to pain (P = 0.001, t = 3.244, β = 0.106) in the association between pain catastrophizing and emotional eating. 46.3% of the variance in emotional eating can be explained by pain catastrophizing, anxiety sensitivity, and pain-related anxiety. It seems that to prevent and treat emotional eating in people with pain and to maintain the therapeutic effect, pain-related cognitive and emotional structures such as anxiety sensitivity and pain-related anxiety should be targeted for therapeutic intervention.

The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of training based on compassion theory and choice theory on the sense of shame and the level of self-criticism in female college students. The method of the present study is applied in terms of the objective and quasi-experimental in terms of the data collection method using a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population is all students aged 15-18 years in Karaj. In this study, conducted in the academic year 2018-2019, 45 female students were randomly selected and equally divided into two experimental groups and one control group (each group consisted of 15 subjects). One of the experimental groups received 8 sessions of compassion or choice theory training, while the control group did not participate in the intervention. Subjects were assessed using the Guilt and Shame Proneness Scale (GASP) and Levels of Self-Criticism Scale (LOSCS). Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software and multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that after the group training, there was a significant difference between the mean of the experimental and control groups in terms of reduction of shame and self-criticism scores. This difference was greater for the compassion training than for the choice theory training. It can be concluded that although both types of group training were able to reduce students’ shame and self-criticism scores, the compassion training was more effective than the choice theory training.

The purpose of this study is to compare early maladaptive schemas and parenting styles in women who have committed infidelity and those who have been victims of infidelity. This study is both descriptive and random-comparative in nature. The participants consists of women who live in twenty-two areas of Tehran and have committed infidelity or have been victims of infidelity during the period during 2019-2020. An available sample was used including 61 participating women and 57 victimized women. Data were collected using the Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form (YSQ-SF3) and Young Parenting Inventory (YPI) and analyzed using an independent t-test and SPSS 23 software. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the early maladaptive schemas in two groups (d=0/66). Perpetrators of infidelity had significantly higher levels of emotional deprivation, abandonment/ instability, distrust/ abuse, entitlement/ grandiosity, inadequate self-control/ self-discipline, and approval/ recognition-seeking, while the violated women had higher scores in the defectiveness/ shame schema. In addition, there was a significant difference in parenting style scores between the two groups (d= 2/07) and women who had committed infidelity reported higher scores in the schemas of emotional deprivation, abandonment/ instability, distrust/ abuse, dependency, defectiveness/ shame, relentless standards/ hypercriticism, entitlement/ grandiosity, negativity/ pessimism, emotional inhibition, and approval/ recognition seeking. It can be said that the way parents interact with their children can shape schemas in the child and provide a foundation for their sincere behavior and adherence to principles in adulthood.